Cameron Evans

A new report released by the Montana Wildlife Federation, titled “The Economic Impact of Climate Change in Montana,” highlights the looming economic threats that climate change poses to Montana’s celebrated outdoor recreational activities and wildlife.

Authored by Power Consulting Incorporated, the report lays bare a sobering prediction: Montana could witness a potential loss of 8,800 outdoor recreation jobs, and a staggering $263 million in labor earnings could evaporate annually by mid-century due to climate change. Among the most concerning figures is the anticipated drop in visitations to Montana’s renowned National Parks – namely Glacier National Park and Yellowstone National Park, which are projected to bear a major brunt of the total job and income impacts.

“Montana’s hunters, anglers and outdoor enthusiasts are the first to witness the changing climate’s tangible effects,” said Frank Szollosi, Executive Director of Montana Wildlife Federation. “We are the frontline observers. Every altered migration route, impacted rut and every intensified wildfire is a chapter in the story of our changing climate. Many Montanans derive their livelihoods from these outdoor sectors, making the stakes even higher. What we witness is a testament to the urgent need for informed climate policies that prioritize the preservation of Montana’s rich wildlife and landscapes.”

Disturbing Forecasts

Under a “business-as-usual” trajectory, where we continue without significant interventions in greenhouse gas emissions, Montana is forecasted to experience a minimum temperature rise of 6°F by mid-century, with August seeing the largest shift. Changes in precipitation patterns may result in increased annual precipitation, but with drier summer months, subsequently affecting the state’s ecology and economy.

The release of this report comes before the congressionally-mandated Fifth National Climate Assessment is scheduled to be released this fall. 

Collectively these losses highlight what is at stake for Montana with respect to climate change: Montana will lose critical jobs and labor income in industries that define the state. Most Montanans personally invest in at least one of these sectors or rely on them for income. Notably, this report does not incorporate economic impacts that arise from larger, more frequent wildfires or the health impacts of climate change.

Montana’s outdoor recreation contributes significantly to its GDP, with only Hawaii surpassing it in outdoor recreation production as a percentage of total GDP. This report emphasizes the need for robust climate resilience policies in Montana, given the state’s economic reliance on outdoor recreation.

This comprehensive report highlights the urgent need for climate resilience legislation in Montana.

The report provides an update from a 2015 report by Power Consulting titled “The Impact of Climate Change on Montana’s Outdoor Economy.” The new report includes more Montana-specific data than was previously available and draws on new sources such as the Montana Climate Assessment (MCA), resulting in more detailed predictions for changes such as the estimated snowfall in Montana ski areas with the most up to date science. 

Key Findings:

• National Parks Visitation: Wildfires, growing in intensity and frequency, are predicted to be one of the most disruptive impacts on Montana recreation and tourist activities. The report projects a 15% decline in visitation to Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks due to wildfire and wildfire smoke. The impact of forest fires and climate change is predicted to result in the loss of 3,800 jobs and $107 million in labor earnings annually.
• Wildlife Watching and Sightseeing Activities: Climate change impacts, including increased wildfires and reduced visibility due to smoke, are expected to make outdoor activities like wildlife-watching less appealing and unhealthy. With many areas of Montana to visit for wildlife-watching and sight-seeing, the report reduced the percentage impact for Montana’s National Parks to 15%. Aside from the impact to National Parks, the report projects the loss from climate change to be more than 1,600 jobs and more than $44 million in labor earnings annually.
• Hunting: The report projects that big game hunting could decline by up to 25% by mid-century, translating to a loss of 495 jobs and nearly $15 million in earnings annually. Climate change, combined with other environmental and human factors, is reshaping Montana’s hunting landscape. With warmer autumns and unpredictable snowfall, deer and elk will remain in the high country longer, complicating hunting.
• Sport Fishing: Early snowmelt and increased rain during winter and spring will lead to peak stream flows occurring earlier, leaving summer stream flows lower and hot for longer periods. Rising temperatures in streams and lakes will stress native fish populations, leading to more limitations on fishing. As a result, angling activity might drop by 30%, leading to a loss of 1,900 jobs and over $60 million in labor earnings annually.
• Winter Sports: Skiing, Snowboarding, and Snowmobiling: Montana’s decreasing snow reliability could lead to a 19% loss of skiing and snowmobiling days, resulting in a loss of nearly 1,000 jobs and $35 million in labor earnings annually. The decline in snowpack, especially at lower elevations, combined with warmer winters, jeopardizes Montana’s skiing appeal. While snow-making equipment can offset some challenges, its use is limited by temperatures and costs. Overall, the skiing season in Montana is projected to shorten by 33 days over the next couple of decades.

Montana, with its sprawling Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and the rugged terrains of the Upper Missouri River Breaks, is a collage of diverse ecosystems and abundant wildlife. These public lands are not just scenic; they are the lifeblood of our communities, driving our outdoor recreation businesses and shaping our way of life.

However, for years, these pristine landscapes have been under threat. Oil and gas companies that have capitalized on an antiquated federal leasing program have left an indelible mark on our communities. The repercussions are not just environmental; they have rippled through our health, well-being, and local economies.

Fortunately, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has proposed reforms to this flawed program. These changes will benefit taxpayers and enhance our communities’ access to public lands. These reforms could lead to improved land management. By curbing oil and gas leasing in low potential areas, we can channel our energies towards addressing and mitigating environmental issues in these areas.

If passed, the rule would incentivize companies to complete their drilling projects and strengthen regulations for responsible development, addressing long standing issues in the federal program of speculative leasing and of wells being frequently abandoned.

Taxpayers First: Ensuring Fair Returns and Accountability

The BLM’s reforms are not just about conservation; the proposed rule also ensures oil and gas companies bear the clean-up costs, addressing the problem of abandoned wells that harm our environment.

With property taxes in Montana witnessing unprecedented hikes, it’s high time we ensure that oil and gas companies are held accountable for their actions. The proposed changes advocate for reasonable bonding rates, putting the onus on these corporations to clean up after their operations. This is a significant shift from the current scenario, where taxpayers often bear the brunt of environmental clean-ups for abandoned wells that pollute our lands and waters.

The reforms also aim to update royalty and rental rates, guaranteeing that Montanans receive what’s rightfully theirs. These proposed leasing reforms would enact the reforms proposed in a 2021 report and codify provisions passed by Congress from the Inflation Reduction Act to protect wildlife, make taxpayers whole, and address the climate crisis.

A Resounding Yes from Montanans

The overwhelming support for the BLM’s reforms is a testament to Montanans’ love for their land and a shared vision for its future. Recent polls have shown that a staggering 96% of Montana voters are in favor of making oil and gas companies financially responsible for post-development clean-up and restoration. This sentiment was further echoed during the BLM’s comment period, where over 260,000 individuals, many of them Montanans, voiced their opinions, with a whopping 99% in favor of the proposed changes.

The current BLM Dillon field office Resource Management Plan (RMP) identified that about 1.2 million acres, or 86%, of the eligible lands in Montana, have low or very low energy development potential. For decades, oil and gas companies have had the opportunity to lease this land through speculative leasing practices, diverting critical conservation resources for wildlife habitat. Speculative leasing, coupled with harmful development, has posed an existential threat to this fragile ecosystem and the residents and businesses that call it home

In the last decade alone, nearly 220,000 acres of Montana’s public lands were leased noncompetitively, including in crucial big game habitat and priority habitat for greater sage-grouse. Noncompetitive leasing took all those public lands off the table for other uses while generating nothing for taxpayers, but thankfully the BLM’s proposed reforms will eliminate the antiquated practice of noncompetitive leasing.

Looking Ahead

The ball is now in the BLM’s court. By expediting the finalization and implementation of these reforms, the agency has an opportunity to rewrite the future of Montana’s public lands. It’s time we manage our lands to celebrate all of Montana’s natural treasures – be it wildlife, hunting, fishing, or outdoor recreation – and not limit them to just oil and gas.

As the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee prepares for its hearing on the Blackfoot Clearwater Stewardship Act (BCSA) this Thursday, Sept. 21, multiple polls consistently highlight the unwavering support from Montanans for the landmark legislation.

Multiple polls consistently highlight the unwavering support from Montanans for the landmark legislation. The 2023 Colorado College Conservation in the West Poll added to this chorus of support, indicating that a staggering 84% of Montanans are in favor of the BCSA.

The BCSA aims to ensure hunting and fishing access, safeguard streams flowing into the Blackfoot River, and add nearly 80,000 acres of existing public lands to wilderness areas. The act also seeks to create new recreational zones while promoting sustainable timber harvest and habitat restoration.

“The results of survey after survey underscore the overwhelming importance of public lands to our communities, our economy, and our environment,” said Frank Szollosi, executive director of Montana Wildlife Federation. “As we approach the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee hearing, I urge our elected officials to recognize the collective will of Montanans.The Blackfoot Clearwater Stewardship Act has garnered substantial, long-standing bipartisan support. The BCSA is more than just a piece of legislation; it’s a vision for a path to preserve Montana’s legacy, economy, and way of life.”

The Blackfoot watershed is home to thriving fish and wildlife habitats, as well as a growing economy centered around timber and outdoor recreation. It offers unparalleled hunting and fishing opportunities. These wild lands warrant robust protection and management. The Grizzly Basin and the North Fork of the Blackfoot, which are priority habitat for grizzly bears and bull trout, represent some of the last remaining pristine territories in Montana.

For years, the Montana Wildlife Federation (MWF) has been a member of the Blackfoot Clearwater Steering Committee, which has been at the forefront of developing the Blackfoot Clearwater Stewardship Act (BCSA). Our commitment to the landmark legislation is unwavering, and we’re proud to see support from the majority of Montanans, though we still need support from Senator Steve Daines.

The Blackfoot Clearwater Steering Committee and Senator Jon Tester have spent almost 20 years adjusting the BCSA based on discussions with stakeholders, local residents, legislators, organizations, and a steering committee, resulting in broad support from Montanans.

Montanans have long shown overwhelming support for the BCSA. The University of Montana’s biennial Voter Survey on Public Lands has consistently echoed these sentiments. Commissioned by the University of Montana’s Crown of the Continent and Greater Yellowstone Initiative, this survey has tracked the growing support for the BCSA over the years. In 2018, 73% of respondents backed the act. By 2020, this number rose to 75%. The most recent data from this survey in 2022 showed a remarkable 83% in favor of the BCSA.

The most recent poll, conducted by Public Policy Polling earlier this month, surveyed 545 Montana voters and found that 67% of respondents support the BCSA. Of those polled, 55% voted Republican in the last presidential election. A significant 89% of respondents confirmed their active use of public lands in Montana, and 88% of respondents agreed that public lands are essential to Montana’s economy, emphasizing the intertwined relationship between conservation and economic prosperity. Overall, the survey revealed that support for the BCSA transcends gender, political affiliation, age, and education.

The BCSA represents a multifaceted approach to land management, incorporating a wide range of regional interests. Its provisions, from expanding wilderness areas to creating new recreational opportunities for snowmobilers and mountain bikers, reflect a collaborative vision for Montana’s future.

Lastly, the BCSA incorporates the Southwest Crown Collaborative, which has already helped sustain local timber jobs through forest and stream restoration work. Given the increasing threats of climate change and wildfires, maintaining the health of our forests is of paramount importance.

The passage of the BCSA is long awaited, and we thank Senator Tester for his relentless advocacy for our grassroots proposal that benefits Montanans. Now, we urge Senator Daines to support this proposal and ensure it makes it to the President’s desk.

The best thing you can do to support the BCSA is to contact Senator Daines and tell him why the BCSA is important to you. You can reach Daines’ Washington D.C. office by calling (202) 224-2651.

The hearing before the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee will be on Thursday, Sept. 21 at 9:30 AM EST/7:30 AM MST. You can tune into it virtually when the hearing is live here.

Montana adopted the current Elk Management Plan (EMP) in 2005 — 18 years ago! A lot has changed in that time. Land ownership is changing from the family farmer and rancher as people flock to Montana, and our elk population has grown while an increasing number of elk select private lands, largely in response to hunter pressure. Wildlife managers are facing the challenge of accommodating hunters while addressing the worries of landowners losing livestock forage, crops and fences to elk. 

The recently released draft EMP from FWP is an extensive document, spanning over 500 pages, with another 100-plus page Environmental Assessment. That’s an amazing amount of detail for a management plan, but don’t be intimidated by the size!

We’ve included our comments on the EMP that we sent to Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks here: MWF EMP comments 2023, and are including a summary below to help you better understand what’s being proposed in the EMP and it’s implications.

Prior to submitting these comments, MWF attended meetings in every region of the state. Every bit of commentary from the public helped during this period, and your voice and advocacy helped create a better EMP. 

Although FWP could improve some aspects of the EMP, the overall plan, alongside the Environmental Assessment and recent season setting proposals from FWP, showcases movement focused on addressing some important issues relative to elk management.

We often say that “MWF shows up,” and this effort was no different. Our staff, board members, ambassadors and membership attended over 40 meetings last year in all seven regions to help inform, weigh and analyze public perception across the state. That advocacy shined through. Thank you for showing up! 

In the draft EMP, FWP notably acknowledges the need for regular management strategy reviews every five years. They’ve increased objectives substantially in many districts, and they’ve increased efforts to improve habitat on public and private land. These actions align closely with the long-standing recommendations made by the Montana Wildlife Federation since 2015 or even earlier.

The EMP also calls for more working groups, such as the Elkhorn Working Group and the Devil’s Kitchen, which have helped reduce conflict and improve management outcomes, while bringing Montanans together. The recognition that human pressure is a significant factor affecting problematic elk distribution is crucial in developing new season setting strategies designed to increase hunter success and reduce pressure on public lands, while encouraging pressure on private lands.

“It’s encouraging to see FWP take up so many ideas and thoughts that MWF board members, affiliates and members have put forward,” said Jeff Lukas, Acting Conservation Director for the Montana Wildlife Federation who manages the organization’s elk campaign. “MWF has spent the last two years working to bring people together who traditionally disagreed on wildlife management issues. That effort paid off during the legislative session and it’s paying off in the new draft of the EMP. While it’s not perfect, it is a big step forward in helping Montanans work together to find the right outcomes on elk management.”

It is also heartening to see a call for enhanced hunter education programs to ensure that Montana puts ethical hunters in the field who understand wildlife conservation.

Despite the progressive aspects of the EMP, we also have some concerns. Specifically, we are concerned about the proposal on page 56 to eliminate limited entry permits in favor of general hunting in over-objective areas could lead to a spike in hunter pressure, further exacerbating the issue of problematic elk distribution. Notably, FWP acknowledges that such an action would increase hunter pressure on page 43 of the same plan. 

“Page 56 of the revised EMP seems to work against common sense,” said Craig Jourdonnais, former FWP biologist and co-chairman of the Ravalli County Fish and Wildlife Association’s Big Game Committee. 

“FWP outlines a management strategy for HDs that are substantially over the population objective for three consecutive years or more. First, it’s likely the population is far over objective because of chronic hunter/elk distribution issues in that HD (think about page 55 in the current EMP). Offering more bull elk hunting opportunities is a benefit to some hunters, and landowners engaging in commercial outfitting or charging a trespass fee, but it doesn’t address the overpopulation issue.”

We’re also concerned about the absence of certain provisions, such as one found on page 55 of the previous EMP, which allowed for not counting elk on inaccessible private land. In the past, this provision has helped guide FWP’s decisions to move to cow-only hunting in certain districts. FWP has only used this provision twice in the 18 years the plan was in place, but its use led to increased harvest rates and reduced conflict. 

“The basic strategies for managing an elk herd aren’t complex,” Jourdonnais said.

“When managers need to reduce a population, they liberalize the harvest opportunities for antlerless elk. Antlerless harvest is the main driver for population management. Managers may certainly increase harvest opportunities for bull elk too, but harvesting more bull elk alone isn’t an effective long-term solution to population management. Page 55 of the old EMP gave us the tools to manage antlerless harvest in a manner that actually achieved the goals relative to herd population size and protected elk on accessible lands from over harvest. It’s baffling why it isn’t in the new EMP.”

The EMP also lacks updated scientific research on the impact of summer recreation on cow and calf elk during crucial times of the year, as stakeholders highlight the need for updated scientific research to inform decisions on elk management during crucial periods of the year.

Throughout the plan’s development, FWP has sought public input through a massive effort including over 40 stakeholder meetings and two elk advisory committees, demonstrating the agency’s commitment to listening to Montanans. However, the veto of a widely supported, bipartisan bill, SB 442, would have allowed the agency to delve deeper into the habitat issue across land ownerships. 

As Montana’s EMP undergoes public scrutiny and potential revisions, it remains to be seen how the state will strike the delicate balance between managing elk populations while addressing hunters’ and stakeholders’ concerns. FWP is currently reviewing public comment before the next version of the plan is released late this summer or early this fall. Sign up for our email updates to keep abreast of the latest developments with elk management. 

Today’s landmark decision by the Lewis and Clark County District Court marks an unprecedented triumph in the fight for climate justice, and the protection of wildlife, habitat and future generations of Montanans. We at the Montana Wildlife Federation, Montana’s oldest, largest, and most effective wildlife conservation organization, are deeply grateful to the young whose actions inspire us to redouble our commitment to climate action.

“This historic ruling is a monumental win not only for the youth plaintiffs, but for the people of Montana and the nation,” said Frank Szollosi, Executive Director of the Montana Wildlife Federation. “It affirms our constitutional right to a clean and healthful environment and sets a precedent that holds governments accountable to considering the impacts of energy projects. Today, we celebrate a victory that transcends generations, aligning with our enduring fight to conserve Montana’s natural resources and ensure a thriving environment amid the challenges of climate change.”

Judge Kathy Seeley’s ruling that the provision in the Montana Environmental Policy Act is unconstitutional resonates with our core mission. Her recognition that the plaintiffs have a “fundamental constitutional right to a clean and healthful environment, which includes climate as part of the environmental life-support system” strikes at the very heart of what we strive to preserve every day.

This victory belongs to the courageous youth of Montana who have become pioneers in a national movement that demands governments fulfill their duty to address climate change. Their efforts are not only an inspiration to us in Montana but to people around the world who are standing up for the right to live in a healthy environment.

“Montana hunters and anglers know the science and know the impacts that climate change is having on our habitat and wildlife,” Szollosi said. “These young people are correct, rising water temperatures and extreme weather are taking a toll, whether that be on westslope cutthroat trout or migrating ungulates such as mule deer. State action that fails to take into account climate science is short-sighted, wrong and constitutionally, illegal.”

By holding the state accountable for failing to consider the impacts of energy projects, we hope to see a transformative shift in policy and action not only in Montana but across the nation.

Montana’s rich natural resources should be managed responsibly to ensure they serve future generations. This ruling is a crucial step towards a sustainable future where economic prosperity and environmental stewardship go hand in hand.

“Today, Montana stands as a beacon of hope and a symbol of what determined, united action can achieve for the health of our planet and the legacy we leave for future generations.”